From classic Nintendo games like Super Smash Bros., to high-intensity, first-person shooter games like Call of Duty, esports has brought video games and competition to a worldwide stage, including Elon’s campus. While it’s still just a fraction of the total revenues generated by the global video games industry, esports have been growing consistently and exponentially in the past years. Europe is the third-largest market for esports after China and North America, with nearly 30 million enthusiasts across the continent. European countries were among the pioneers of the medium, organising some of the first major tournaments and competitions. Some of the most successful players are European, including Finland’s Jess “Jerak” Vainikka and French Sébastien “Ceb” Debs.

Moreover, not all the exergames or active video games have to be competitive, and the goal of these kinds of games is more to entertain the players or for physical exercise, not to compete with opponents. From this perspective, it is more precise to conclude that exergames or active video games can be regarded as a new form of computer games or video games with higher intensity and more involved physical movement, which are, to some degree, different from current prevailing esports. Although some virtual sports have already appeared in professional esports competitions, in terms of definition, we can see that only when the virtual sports reach certain standards of esports (competitive, multiplayer, etc.) will it be included in esports. The emergence of the concept of “physical esports” appears to indicate the situation 42, 43, 44. Of the 299 reviewed articles, 231 indicate that esports is computer games or video games. Therefore, it is widely acknowledged that esports originates from computer games and video games 31,45,46. Among these 231 articles, 15 of them specifically define esports as “computer games”.

• The intention behind the whole process was to extract the core attribute from the initial coding.
• Esports teams operate a lot like football clubs; the team may be based in one country, but their players are generally international.
• Esports Supporters Of Younger Generations Actually Outweigh Sports Fans In Many Regions, And Current Trends Indicate That This Difference Is Only Growing.

For one thing, from a traditional perspective, being watched by an audience or being broadcast on TV or online is one of the attributes of professional sports. However, in esports, not only professional esports competitions are broadcast, but also casual competitions (not so organized as formal tournaments) or esports games or competitions at an entertaining level. Additionally, players include professional esports athletes or players at different levels who can also make a living through broadcasting 88,89. They do not earn money like professional esports players (win prize money from tournaments or get paid by the clubs or institutions they are members of). Moreover, such content relies more on live streaming platforms rather than traditional media like traditional sports.

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Nonetheless, the current findings indicate the potential for such categorization. In 29 of these articles, virtual sports tends to be a sport or physical activity (such as dance) played in a virtual environment and utilizing information technology, especially motion capture, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR). Virtual sports in these papers highlights the body movement involved in the process. Besides, some articles even mentioned that in this kind of activity, electronically modified sports equipment might be used, such as “a real ball” or “a bat” 34,35. Such a concept shares some similarities with exergaming, exergames, and active video games, which are emerging in recent sports or education research areas. Active video games refer to video games that require physical activity beyond that of conventional hand-controlled games 37.

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Today, esports is a global affair, with players hailing from every continent and competitions taking place around the world. The term has come to envelop all gaming at a competitive and professional level with an engaged following, similar to traditional sports. Since the 1990s, professional teams or organized clans have set up matches via Internet Relay Chat networks such as QuakeNet. As esports have developed, it has also become common for players to use automated matchmaking clients built into the games themselves. This was popularized by the 1996 release of Blizzard’s Battle.net, which has been integrated into both the Warcraft and StarCraft series. Automated matchmaking has become commonplace in console gaming as well, with services such as Xbox Live and the PlayStation Network. After competitors have contacted each other, the game is often managed by a game server, either remotely to each of the competitors, or running on one of the competitor’s machines.

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Although the form dontbreakthe.net of esports is undergoing significant innovation, the concept and events of esports have existed for many years. The first widely-recognized concept of esports emerged in 2006 25, and the first “Warcraft” tournament, which is conventionally recognized as an esports event, took place in 2002. Additionally, the inaugural WCG was held in 2000, which is one of the most significant major esports competitions worldwide. Therefore, we consider that esports has been an established activity for many years and is not solely a completely new and emerging phenomenon, and “emerging” will not be considered as a criterion for defining esports in this study. This article systematically collected and organized the adopted and accepted definitions in the field of esports. Through thematic coding, the attributes reflected in these definitions are extracted, and their commonalities and consensus are summarized.